Show Posts

This section allows you to view all posts made by this member. Note that you can only see posts made in areas you currently have access to.


Messages - rsutter

Pages: 1 ... 6 7 [8] 9 10 ... 32
106
Hello All,
When I changed my Internet provider over to Starlink, I had to set the Starlink router to Bypass Mode in order to continue using my Netgear Orbi mesh router to assign ip addresses.

After bypassing the Starlink router, the address for all of my networked devices spontaneously changed from the format 192.168.1.xx to 10.0.0.xx

There was one exception; my Ubuntu server that I call Thinkserver remained unchanged at 192.168.1.61

As a result, I could only connect to Thinkserver from the PCs on my network.

Machines running Linux, Mac OS or Raspberry Pi refused to connect to Thinkserver. To fix this, I wanted to change Thinkserver's ip address to 10.0.0.61

These are the steps that I took to change Thinkserver's ip address

On Thinkserver, I went to the Terminal and typed ifconfig

I made note of the values listed there

The relevant information was

eno1 (This is the onboard Ethernet/wired adapter)
inet 192.168.1.61
Netmask 255.255.255.0
Bcast 192.168.1.255

To change my ip address, I typed sudo ifconfig eno1 down (Turns off network)

sudo ifconfig eno1 10.0.0.61 netmask 255.255.255.0
(Ethernet adapter, new inet address, netmask address)

sudo ifconfig eno1 up (Turns network back on)

ifconfig (Confirms whether the requested changes were made)

The operation was successful. Thinkserver is now visible from all devices.

This content is also available on YouTube at https://youtu.be/HmQXqf0pgCI

Ralph Sutter

107
Hello All,
Here are Alan's Notes for the SLO Bytes Photo Group Meeting of 08/14/2022
TOPIC: New Skills, New Thrills Again
The meeting started promptly at 2 pm. We had 6 people in attendance with the meeting ending at around 3:50 pm with no break taken.

Ralph Sutter did not attend the Photo Group session this time. Instead, he set out on a 5-day kayak paddle in the San Juan Islands near Anacortes WA.
Still, he was present in spirit, leaving some images and videos with Alan Raul and asking that Alan pick and choose the content from the following options
New content on the SLO Bytes Photography Links Page;
www.slobytes.org/digital/links.html
Sundry images using closeup rings, portrait background removal and Irfanview Compare
Kendama; a Japanese ball and stick toy turned on a wood lathe
Video of a Tippy Top video on YouTube; https://youtu.be/T6tnngJQUD0
Tippy Top video on YouTube (Playing with the Tippy Top):
https://youtu.be/j-rK0iECHj4
Chicks video on YouTube chronicling the delivery of 10 baby chicks: https://youtu.be/tWhFB3oGFxA

Kaye Raul demonstrated the power of the new presets available in Lightroom Classic version 11.4 released in June. She followed that showing the HDR plugin now available in Luminar Neo contrasting Neo with the ease of using Aurora HDR which Luminar is no longer updating.

John Waller showed off more impressive photographic capabilities of his recently purchased Samsung S22 Ultra phone. He also showed the NEW photoshop feature which removes anything from photo (Multi image Content Aware Fill). https://youtu.be/J60YZTdAUsw
He also linked a video "Can I process the JWST data better than NASA?"
https://youtu.be/DVuonz26P0w

After reading a B and H Photo article, Alan Raul decided to explore Intentional Camera Movement (ICM) photography. ICM photography is an impressionistic and abstract style of shooting that has no rules - it all comes down to moving your camera over a long exposure. After researching more about ICM photography, he found out you can also have a similar ICM result from previously shot images using the Moton Blur filter in Adobe Photoshop.
https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/tips-and-solutions/intentional-camera-movement-photography-part-1-introduction
Just one of many ICM videos available on YouTube
The Liquid Landscape
https://youtu.be/OMPuQBvnKWQ
Olga Karlovac Photography - an abstract expressionist photographer
https://olga-karlovac-photography.com/
The Female Street Photographer Who Only Takes Blurry Photos
https://youtu.be/r7wF7d04aX8

Stanford Brown showed images while taking his walk around Paso Robles.

The next meeting will take place on September 11th beginning at 2:00 pm. The topic for the meeting is open-ended. Members are encouraged to try new techniques and share with the group the results of their experiences.
The meeting will be held via Zoom. An invitation will be e-mailed to Photo Group members shortly before the meeting.
The meeting schedule for the remainder of 2022 is as follows
October 09
November 13
December 11

Ralph Sutter for Alan Raul

108
Hello All,
When I attempt to update Zoom running in Ubuntu 22.04 from the Terminal, it invariably fails.  That may be inherent in Zoom or due to my own actions.
Whatever the case, what follows is my work around

Install or Update Zoom on Ubuntu from Terminal
First, Update Ubuntu
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

Install Zoom Client - Snapcraft Method
The first option is to install Zoom as a snap. The Snapcraft package manager should be installed on your Ubuntu desktop unless you have removed it previously and is often the easiest solution to install packages quickly on Ubuntu systems.
For users that removed snapd, re-run the following command:
sudo apt install snapd -y
Once installed, you will need to restart your system, or else the icons may not appear; if you skip a repeat and notice any issues, reboot.
reboot
Snap installed? Skip the following few lines and proceed straight to the installation with Snap
Next, some packages come in classic, so you need to create a symlink to enable classic snap support, so it is best to run this command for the best snap compatibility.
sudo ln -s /var/lib/snapd/snap /snap
Install the core files to avoid conflicting issues.
sudo snap install core
Next, enter the following snap command to install.
sudo snap install zoom-client

Install Zoom Client - Flatpak Method
The Flatpak package manager is not installed on Ubuntu distributions, given that Snap, Flatpak's rival, is owned by Canonical and Ubuntu. However, Flatpak is still available to install from Ubuntu's default repository.
The extra benefit of using Flatpak installations is that you will always have the most up-to-date version compared to Ubuntu which focuses on stability with older versions that only see updates for security issues or serve bugs.
First, install the Flatpak manager; this can be skipped if you already have it installed.
sudo apt install flatpak -y
Next, you need to enable Flatpack using the following command in your terminal:
sudo flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
Ideally, you should reboot at this stage; if you skip this and notice icons not appearing, the reboot will generate the paths required for the future.
reboot
Now run the installation using the following flatpak command.
flatpak install flathub us.zoom.Zoom -y

How to Launch Zoom Client
Snap users type sudo snap run zoom-client
Flatpak users type flatpak run us.zoom.Zoom
 
How to Update/Upgrade Zoom Client
Updates should appear in notifications, but if these fail to show sometimes, it is recommended to check using the terminal regardless of the following commands to check for updates.
Snap Method: sudo snap refresh

Flatpak Method: flatpak update

Snapcraft Remove Method:
sudo snap remove --purge zoom-client

Flatpak Remove Method:
flatpak remove  --delete-data us.zoom.Zoom -y
Then run flatpak remove –unused
The information found on these pages relies heavily on the following source
https://www.linuxcapable.com/how-to-install-zoom-on-ubuntu-22-04-lts/

Ralph Sutter



109
Hello All,
If you already own Skylum Luminar Aurora HDR and Luminar Neo, you can get the Luminar Plugin, HDR Merge, for free.
You run HDR Merge from within Luminar Neo..  Open the Catalog. HDR Merge will appear in the right-hand column.
Learn more about HDR Merge at https://community.skylum.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/6642319680786-HDR-Merge-introductory-offer
For a demo of how to use it, see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP_biHqLGT0
Ralph Sutter

110
General Discussion / IOS 15.6 Now Available for Download
« on: July 25, 2022, 04:53:21 PM »
Hello All,
IOS 15.6 is now available for download.
Read more at https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/ios-15-6-on-your-iphone-every-update-you-should-know-about/
Ralph Sutter

111
General Discussion / Irfanview 4.60 now offers Compare Feature
« on: July 15, 2022, 12:49:06 PM »
Hello All,
The freeware image viewing program. Irfanview, now offers a Compare feature
Download that version from https://www.fosshub.com/IrfanView.html?dwl=iview460_x64_setup.exe
To access the Compare feature
  Open an image in Irfanview
  Click on File/Compare
  From within the Compare dialog screen, navigate to the second image and open it

Ralph Sutter

112
Hello All,
Here are my Notes from the SLO Bytes Photography Group Meeting of 07/10/2022

TOPIC: New Skills, New Thrills Again

Ralph Sutter opened the meeting with comments about sensor cleaning.
He posted relevant information on the SLO Bytes Photography website at
https://www.slobytes.org/digital/links.html
Ralph then offered a variety of images highlighting the background removal feature of Luminar Neo; https://skylum.com/luminar
He also shared images of marauding deer munching on his succulents planter. These were taken with the Vikeri Trail Camera; https://vikeri.tech/product/vikeri-waterproof-trail-camera

Kaye Raul visited Port San Luis/Avila Beach before showing images of house plants, tree forms and charming Eto Park; https://tolosapressnews.com/eto-park/ in San Luis Obispo.

Alan Raul showed images shot with his Apple iPhone 13 Pro Max of the newly remodeled tunnel under the 101 Freeway in Pismo Beach.
He also had pictures of the downtown Pismo Beach area including the ever-so-famous lighted "Pismo Beach" sign.
These were show in RAW with the built-in camera app and the ACDSee Pro app.
None of the images were cropped or modified.
NOTE: The Apple iPhone Pro Max has a triple-camera array on the rear of the device.
It features a 77mm (equiv.) focal length (3x) telephoto module, a 13mm (equiv.) F1.8 ultrawide module and a 26mm (equiv.) F1.5 wide module.
One of Alan's pictures of Harry's bar used the 26mm F1.5 wide module setting.
See https://www.apple.com/ph/iphone/compare/
See https://apps.apple.com/us/app/acdsee-pro/id968591710

Stanford Brown shot images of the sand festival in Cayucos. He then asked other members of the Photography Group for advice in improving his image of a frog sculpture; https://www.slobytes.org/digital/frog.jpg.

John Waller showed off the impressive photographic capabilities of his recently purchased Samsung S22 Ultra phone; https://www.samsung.com/ca/smartphones/galaxy-s22-ultra/
The 10+ optical zoom produced sharp results of distant objects. Hand-held lo light photos were also sharp and realistically colored.
Switching to his Canon full sensor DSLR, John captured dramatic video of the Pismo Beach 4th of July fireworks

Our next meeting will take place via Zoom on Sunday, August 14th beginning at 2:00 pm.
An invitation with credentials to join will be sent several days before that date.

The topic is once again New Skills, New Thrills Explore different photographic techniques and share the fruit of your efforts with the group.
Taking up Stanford Brown's challenge to improve his image of the frog sand sculpture, I have uploaded his original picture to the SLO Bytes Photography website.
Download it from https://www.slobytes.org/digital/frog.jpg and edit it.  Make note of what you did and share the results with the group.
The meeting schedule for the remainder of 2022 is as follows
   September 11
   October 09
   November 13
   December 11
All meetings begin at 2:00pm
See the Links page for tutorials and other resources at https://www.slobytes.org/digital/links.html

Ralph Sutter

113
General Discussion / APCUG Free Wednesday Webinars for July 2022
« on: July 10, 2022, 06:46:10 AM »
Hello All,
This is a re-post of a message received from SLO Bytes' parent organization, APCUG.
Ralph Sutter

JULY 2022
WEDNESDAY WORKSHOPS
9 am PT, 10 am MT, 11 am CT, 12 pm ET
 
July 13, 2022
Is the future of money digital currency?
Chris and Jim Guld, Geeks on Tour
and
QR Codes and More, John Krout, PATACS
 
July 20, 2022
Learning Linux - Networking
The Linux Team
John Kennedy, Orv Beach, & Dave Melton
 
July 27, 2022
Apple Apps
 
Mac Find My app and AirTags
Craig Wright, Columbus Computer Society and
Deborah Neff, Prescott Macintosh User Group
 
Apple Maps -- Flyover Tours and City Guides
Brooke Thomas, Central Kentucky Computer Society
 
Intro to Pages, Numbers, and Keynote
Jerry Rogan, Sunland Springs Village Technology Club
 
7/13/22 - Register for this workshop here -- https://forms.gle/9NHNAKym3DKKHELp7
 
Is the future of money digital currency? Chris and Jim Guld. Is it the emerging technology of the decade? What are Cryptocurrency and Bitcoin? All this and more will be covered in Chris’s presentation with Jim handling the technology.
 
QR Codes and More, John Krout. QR codes provide a great variety of info and are popular for communicating Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), also known as web page addresses. Find out how your smartphone can read QR codes and other barcodes. In particular, find out about the info stored about you in the barcode on the back of your driver's license or state ID card. Some stores, including grocery stores where the presenter lives, now scan that barcode when alcohol is purchased. The scan obtains a great deal more personal info than your birth date.
=============================================
 
7/20/22 - Register for this workshop here – https://forms.gle/LNm3qG9KVy4jvY6T8
 
Learning Linux – Networking with the Linux Team (John, Orv, and Dave)
There have been some requests from attendees regarding “networking” in Linux. However, being a wide topic with no real specific questions for the team, we’ll try to put together a presentation on networking that we feel relates to Linux. The workshop will be of more value to someone if they have a Linux box and more than one Linux box that can be networked together (if you don’t have at least two, you can’t have a network). This would include running Raspberry Pi’s. But even if you don’t, you might learn something and give networking a try.
 
We’ll start out with the basics of networking; Orv will begin at the beginning with information on IPv4 (we won’t be covering IPv6), addresses, netmasks, gateways, and using DHCP vs. Manual assigning of addresses. He will focus on networking in the terminal. John will share some screenshots of different distro’s GUI windows for setting up networking. Then Dave and John will present options for remote access including SAMBA, Warpinator, AnyDesk, and basic usage of the ssh/scp command in the terminal. Time permitting, Orv may share information of the more modern sftp command. After the formal presentation, we’ll open things up for others to share their knowledge about networking in Linux.
 
=============================================
 
7/27/22 - Register for this workshop here – https://forms.gle/xwVpN3TQ3zi4UAHs6
 
Mac Find My app and AirTags, Craig Wright & Deborah Neff. Have you misplaced your Mac, various devices, or personal items? Before that happens, learn to set up the Find My app – it can help you locate and protect your valuables. Also learn how to use an AirTag to help you track your keys, wallet, purse, backpack, luggage, and more.
 
Apple Maps -- Flyover Tours and City Guides, Brooke Thomas.
 
Intro Pages, Numbers, and Keynote, Jerry Rogan. All of these apps are on the iPhone, iPad, and Mac. Jerry will demonstrate the ability to Open and View Microsoft Office files and create new documents and save them as Office documents, PDFs, or other formats.

114
Hello All,
Skylum Luminar Neo just added One-click Background Removal for Portraits to version 11.0 (9807)
Access it by opening a portrait in Neo
Click on Layer Properties
Click on Masking
Click on Portrait Background
Click on Remove
Ralph Sutter

115
Hello All,
Here are my Notes from the SLO Bytes Photo Group Meeting of 06/12/2022
TOPIC: New Skills, New Thrills Again

Ralph Sutter opened the meeting with images of his recent landscaping project as well as shots from his orchard and vegetable garden.  Ralph added a video of rocks sliding downward as he scooped them into a wheelbarrow.

Kaye Raul offered weather-worn barns, scenes from Oceano and Port San Luis before demonstrating the use of the level horizon tool in Adobe Lightroom

Alan Raul showed images shot with his Sony A7iv with a 35mm F2.8 lens of the north end of Pismo Beach at low tide. He then showed images shot with his 24-70mm F4.0 lens of the sand dunes and the Pismo Beach Creek area. Images were modified with a variety of image editing software to get the desired effects he wanted to share.
Alan's photography gear is listed on DP Review  https://www.dpreview.com/members/9828863162/gearlist

Stanford Brown
found fractured trees and scenes high above Las Vegas before retreating to Paso Robles where he added angles inside his house and local landscapes.

John Waller demonstrated the use of luminosity masks inside Adobe Lightroom.  This technique allowed him to enhance yellow flowers in a field of yellow while affecting the flowers but not the field behind.  John then applied the technique to trees in Morro Bay and the iconic rocks of Yosemite.

Connie Sutter looked at trees and the shadows that they cast.  She then shifted focus to a rock outcropping that she excavated as part of her landscaping project.

The session closed with Kaye’s positive review of several lesser known lenses for her Sony A7iv camera.  Alan called attention to the free web space offered by DP Review where he posted details of his camera gear and showed samples of his photos. 
See https://www.dpreview.com/members/9828863162/gearlist 
Ralph showed some of the camera resources that he posted to his web site at https://www.fullbean.com/camera/camera.html

Our next meeting will take place on 07/10/2022 beginning at 2:00 pm.  The topic is once again New Skills, New Thrills; Learn and share that knowledge.  A Zoom invitation will be sent shortly beforehand.
The meeting schedule for the remainder of 2022 is as follows
   August 14
   September 11
   October 09
   November 13
   December 11
All meetings begin at 2:00pm
See the Links Page, https://www.slobytes.org/digital/links.html for tutorials and other resources
Ralph Sutter

116
General Discussion / June APCUG Workshops
« on: June 05, 2022, 07:44:48 AM »
Hello All,
This is a re-postng of an announcement from Juidy Taylour of SLO Bytes' parent group, APCUG announcing their free webinars for June 2022
Ralph Sutter

06/8/22 – Touring the Web with JB Burke
 
Register for this workshop here -- https://forms.gle/WvEz7JFv87oxLcQk6
 
The World Wide Web, or just "the Web," is immense. A quick search tells us there are about 4.2 billion indexed pages. Some are interesting, informative, educational, or entertaining, and some are plain weird. JB looks for all those while making his morning coffee, eating lunch, and whenever he finds a spare moment and saves them to create this program he calls "Touring the Web." It consists of web pages, videos, images, and other tidbits that will, he hopes, keep you entertained for an hour or so. JB's presentation changes every couple of months, just like the Web.
 
6/15/22 -- In-depth Tour of Distrowatch with Cal Esenault and a Roundtable with the Linux Team
 
Register for this workshop here -- https://forms.gle/driDUe95FcpMKMgU7
 
We hope you enjoy our planned activities for June. We'll start off the workshop with Cal Esenault giving us an in-depth tour of the website Distrowatch. He will share with us all the features (visible and invisible) that it offers Linux users and those interested in learning about Linux. Distrowatch isn't just for beginners or experienced users. Cal will help us understand the Ranking system it uses for the different distros and help us know it isn't really indicating which ones are the top distros. Find out why it's one of the best resources on Linux. Then continuing the theme of "resources," the team will share some of their favorite websites to get news and information about Linux and what some of their favorite Linux YouTube channels are. During the open mic part of the workshop, you'll be able to share any that might not have been mentioned.
 
Our second part of the workshop will be another Roundtable where we can all share thoughts and ideas and ask questions about Linux. We will be responding to polls, (like we did sometime last year) to use as discussion starters, where we'll find out a lot about the people in attendance and their travels with Linux. Please join us and take part. We think we'll learn a lot about what's happening in the Linux world.
 

117
Hello All,

SLO Bytes is a member of APCUG; The Association of Personal Computer User Groups.  The latter organization presents regular free workshops via Zoom.  Afterwards, they often post on line the content of those presentations.  I will mirror some of that content on the SLO Bytes website at https://www.slobytes.org/apcug/workshops/workshops.html.  For more visible access, I have also added the tab, APCUG Workshops to the left hand menu of SLO Bytes opening page.

Ralph Sutter

118
Hello All,
APCUG speaker Bill James presented an in-depth exploration of Modems, Routers, and Wi-Fi on 05/07/2022.  I have attached the two handouts from that presentation as well as a link to the Zoom video of the event.

Video Link Modems, Routers, and Wi-Fi Saturday Workshop:  https://youtu.be/FbRNI4z3OY0

Ralph Sutter

119
Hello All,
Here are my notes from the SLO Bytes Photo Group meeting of 05/15/2022

TOPIC: New Skills, New Thrills Again

Ralph Sutter began the meeting demonstrating focus stacking with Adobe Photoshop Elements 2021. This required purchasing the after market add-on, Elements+; https://elementsplus.net/. Sutter then showed a video; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdrkURWyRsQ of the flight, crash and recovery of his DJI drone in conjunction with the autonomous flight software, Dronelink; https://www.dronelink.com/

Kaye Raul shared images taken with her new Sony A7 IV full frame camera; https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1667800-REG/sony_ilce_7m4_b_alpha_a7_iv_mirrorless.html. Her subjects included shots of Guadalupe, Main Street Beach and local strawberry fields.

Alan Raul showed images of Shell Beach including the construction project of a new seawall, staircase and sidewalk along the oceanfront. Later in the day (when it was cooler) using his Sony A7iv with a 35mm F2.8 lens; https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/search?Ntt=sony%2035mm%20f%202.8&N=0&InitialSearch=yes&sts=ma he ventured into the dunes near the Pismo Beach Creek to capture images of the creek and dunes area.

Stanford Brown used his Vikeri Trail Cam; https://vikeri.tech/ to capture images of 4 footed nighttime visitors around his house. He then reminded the group of the capabilities of the free Microsoft Photos app; https://apps.microsoft.com/store/detail/microsoft-photos/9WZDNCRFJBH4?hl=en-us&gl=US. It allows image and video viewing, slideshows and simple video editing. program,

John Waller introduced log exposure photography in conjunction with density filters. The filters allowed him to take much longer exposures and capture details of dark scenes that otherwise wouldn't be visible.

Bob Styerwalt shared several closeups of roses growing in his back yard.

Our next meeting will take place on 06/12/2022 beginning at 2:00 pm.  The topic is once again New Skills, New Thrills; Learn and share that knowledge

Here is the meeting schedule for the remainder of 2022
   July 10
   August 14
   September 11
   October 09
   November 13
   December 11
See the Links page for tutorials and other resources

Ralph Sutter

120
General Discussion / May 2022 APCUG Free Workshops
« on: May 16, 2022, 08:32:58 AM »
Hello All,
This is a re-post of an announcement sent by SLO Bytes parent organization, APCUG
Ralph Sutter

MAY 2022
WEDNESDAY WORKSHOPS
9am PT, 10 am MT, 11 am CT, 12 pm ET
 
5/18/22 -- Learning Linux: Headless Raspberry Pi
 
Register for this workshop here -- https://forms.gle/mmerpNPj2ArUmKM76
Registration closes at 6:00 pm PT on 05/17/2022

If you want to learn to drive a car, you have to get behind the wheel. Similarly, if you're going to learn Linux, you have to run a Linux computer. Curt will give us a tour, from 10,000 feet, of a Raspberry Pi (an inexpensive, single-board computer, SBC). Then he'll show a viable way to set up a Raspberry Pi without a lot of equipment (e.g., keyboard, monitor, cables, etc.) and space beyond the computer we now use every day. He'll only be using a Raspberry Pi (almost any model would work) and one (for power), maybe two (if a wired network connection is needed), cables. If time allows, he may even install Pi-hole to block many/most pesky ads for all the devices on our home network.
 
After the presentation has been completed, if you are someone that is similarly using a Raspberry Pi as Curt (headless, without extra hardware), please share with us (and the other attendees) what you are doing so we get other ideas of what can be done. And if there's time, we'll welcome other uses of a Raspberry Pi using the extra hardware.
=============================================
 
5/25/22 -- Adding NAS to your Router and The meaning and use of IP addresses and port numbers
 
Register for this workshop here -- https://forms.gle/13FtGLaXuC78v8FD9
Registration closes at 6:00 PM on 05/24/2022
 
This presentation introduces the concept and utility of Network Attached Storage (NAS) for home local area networks (LAN) by connecting any USB drive to the USB port on a home router. This can be any portable storage devices, such as a flash drive, USB solid State Device (SSD), portable hard drive, and storage that requires AC power. You might wonder how storage can be connected to a home LAN and shared instead of connecting to a computer. Just about any router, including a USB socket, can act as the LAN connection for storage. Not all routers include a USB socket, but many current routers do, and some routers even have a second socket for more storage or for connecting a USB printer to the network. This presentation will show an example of a router with a USB socket and the steps for preparing storage to be connected to a router. Also, the presentation shows how to find and use the router-connected NAS using Windows File Explorer, Apple's File app on iPhones and iPads, and the Samsung My Files app for Android devices.
 
After the presentation has been completed, if you are someone that is using a network-attached storage (NAS) device in a similar way as John, please share with us (and the other attendees) what you are doing so we get other ideas of what can be done.

After you register, you will see pop-up registration acknowledgments.

Pages: 1 ... 6 7 [8] 9 10 ... 32